What is SASS and Why Use It?

SASS (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets) is a CSS preprocessor that makes your styles:

  • Easier to maintain - Use variables for colors, sizes, fonts
  • More organized - Nest selectors logically
  • Reusable - Create mixins and functions
  • Consistent - One place to change site-wide colors

CSS vs SASS - Quick Comparison

Feature CSS SASS
Variables Limited (--var) Full support ($var)
Nesting No Yes
Math Limited Full calculations
Imports Multiple HTTP requests Compiled into one file
Mixins No Reusable code blocks

How SASS Works in This Website

The Import Chain (How Files Connect)

_sass/minima/custom-styles.scss  ← ENTRY POINT (Jekyll starts here)
    ↓
imports opencs-color-map.scss    ← Maps variables to CSS custom properties
    ↓
imports root-color-map.scss      ← ALL COLOR VARIABLES DEFINED HERE
    ↓
imports open-coding/_main.scss   ← MAIN HUB (imports all components)
    ↓
imports all component .scss files ← Your styles end up here

What This Means For You

When you create a new .scss file, you need to:

  1. Put it in the right folder (_sass/open-coding/)
  2. Import it in _main.scss so Jekyll knows about it
  3. Jekyll will automatically compile everything into one CSS file

Complete Step-by-Step Tutorial

Let’s convert a real CSS file to SASS. We’ll use leaderboard.css as our example.

Step 1: Find Your CSS File

First, locate the CSS file you want to convert.

Common locations for CSS files:

  • assets/css/your-file.css
  • Inline <style> tags in HTML/Markdown files

For this example: assets/css/leaderboard.css

Step 2: Create the New SCSS File

Create a new file in the SASS folder:

File Location: _sass/open-coding/leaderboard.scss

Start with this template:

// ============================================
// LEADERBOARD STYLES
// Converted from assets/css/leaderboard.css
// ============================================

// Import to get access to color variables
@import "materials/main.scss";

// Your styles go below...

Why @import "materials/main.scss"?
This gives you access to all the color variables like $accent, $text, $bg-1, etc.

Step 3: Copy Your CSS Into the SCSS File

Take your original CSS and paste it below the import:

@import "materials/main.scss";

// Paste your CSS here - it will work as-is!
.leaderboard-widget {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 20px;
    right: 20px;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
    border-radius: 16px;
}

Good news: Regular CSS is valid SCSS! Your file will work immediately.

Step 4: Register Your File in _main.scss

Open _sass/open-coding/_main.scss and add your import:

@import 'root-color-map.scss';
@import "bathroom";
@import "blogs";
@import "calendar";
// ... other imports ...

@import "leaderboard";  // ← ADD THIS LINE (no .scss extension needed!)

Important: The order of imports can matter! Add new imports at the end to avoid conflicts.

Step 5: Delete the Old CSS File

Now that SASS handles your styles, delete the original:

rm assets/css/leaderboard.css

Step 6: Remove Old CSS References

Search your project for any <link> tags loading the old CSS:

<!-- DELETE THIS LINE if you find it -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/leaderboard.css">

SASS automatically includes your styles - no manual linking needed!

Step 7: Build and Test

Run the build to compile your SASS:

make
# or
bundle exec jekyll serve

Check for errors in the terminal. If successful, your styles are now SASS!

Now that it works, let’s make it better using SASS features.

Improvement 1: Replace Hardcoded Colors

Improvement 1: Replace Hardcoded Colors

Find hex codes and replace with variables:

Before:

.button {
    background: #4CAFEF;
    color: #F0F0F0;
    border: 1px solid #E53E3E;
}

After:

.button {
    background: $accent;      // #4CAFEF
    color: $text;             // #F0F0F0
    border: 1px solid $red;   // #E53E3E
}

Improvement 2: Use Nesting

Group related selectors together:

Before (CSS):

.card { background: #1F1F1F; }
.card .header { font-size: 20px; }
.card .header h3 { margin: 0; }
.card .header h3:hover { color: blue; }
.card .body { padding: 16px; }

After (SASS):

.card {
    background: $bg-2;
    
    .header {
        font-size: 20px;
        
        h3 {
            margin: 0;
            
            &:hover {
                color: $blue;
            }
        }
    }
    
    .body {
        padding: 16px;
    }
}

The & symbol refers to the parent selector. &:hover becomes .card .header h3:hover

Improvement 3: Create Local Variables

For values used multiple times in your file:

Before:

.box1 { border-radius: 16px; padding: 20px; }
.box2 { border-radius: 16px; padding: 20px; }
.box3 { border-radius: 16px; padding: 20px; }

After:

// Local variables (at top of file)
$card-radius: 16px;
$card-padding: 20px;

.box1 { border-radius: $card-radius; padding: $card-padding; }
.box2 { border-radius: $card-radius; padding: $card-padding; }
.box3 { border-radius: $card-radius; padding: $card-padding; }

Improvement 4: Use SASS Math

SASS can do calculations:

$base-spacing: 8px;

.small { padding: $base-spacing; }           // 8px
.medium { padding: $base-spacing * 2; }      // 16px
.large { padding: $base-spacing * 3; }       // 24px

Available Color Variables Reference

These are defined in _sass/root-color-map.scss - use them instead of hex codes!

Background Colors

| Variable | Value | Use For | |———-|——-|———| | $bg-0 | #000 | Darkest background | | $bg-1 | #1F2020 | Dark panels | | $bg-2 | #1F1F1F | Cards | | $bg-3 | #2A2D2D | Lighter panels | | $panel | #2B2B2B | Panel backgrounds | | $background | varies | Page background |

Text Colors

| Variable | Value | Use For | |———-|——-|———| | $text | #F0F0F0 | Main text | | $text-muted | #aaa | Secondary/dimmed text |

Accent Colors

| Variable | Value | Use For | |———-|——-|———| | $accent | #4CAFEF | Primary accent/links | | $blue | #3182CE | Info elements | | $green | #4ADE80 | Success states | | $red | #E53E3E | Error states | | $orange | #ED8936 | Warning states |

File Structure Overview

_sass/
├── root-color-map.scss      ← All color variables defined here
├── opencs-color-map.scss    ← Maps SASS vars → CSS custom properties
├── user-colors.scss         ← User-editable palette
│
├── minima/
│   └── custom-styles.scss   ← ENTRY POINT (Jekyll starts here)
│
└── open-coding/
    ├── _main.scss           ← MAIN HUB (imports all components)
    ├── bathroom.scss
    ├── blogs.scss
    ├── calendar.scss
    ├── your-new-file.scss   ← YOUR NEW SCSS FILES GO HERE
    │
    ├── materials/           ← Shared utilities & mixins
    │   ├── _main.scss
    │   ├── colors.scss
    │   └── ...
    │
    └── elements/            ← UI element styles
        ├── buttons/
        ├── forms/
        └── ...

Quick Reference Checklist

Use this checklist every time you convert a file:

Before Starting

  • Identify the CSS file to convert
  • Note where it’s currently loaded (which pages use it)

Creating the SCSS File

  • Create new file: _sass/open-coding/your-file.scss
  • Add @import "materials/main.scss"; at the top
  • Copy CSS content into the file

Registering the File

  • Open _sass/open-coding/_main.scss
  • Add @import "your-file"; (no .scss extension)

Cleanup

  • Delete old CSS file from assets/css/
  • Remove any <link> tags loading the old CSS
  • Search for inline styles that could be moved

Testing

  • Run make or bundle exec jekyll serve
  • Check terminal for SASS errors
  • View the page in browser to verify styles work

Optional Improvements

  • Replace hex colors with $variables
  • Add nesting for cleaner code
  • Create local variables for repeated values

Common Errors and Fixes

Error: “File to import not found”

Error: File to import not found or unreadable: materials/main.scss

Fix: Check your import path. From _sass/open-coding/, use:

@import "materials/main.scss";  // Correct
@import "../materials/main.scss";  // Wrong

Error: “Undefined variable”

Error: Undefined variable: "$accent"

Fix: Make sure you have the import at the top of your file:

@import "materials/main.scss";  // This gives you access to variables

Error: “Invalid CSS”

Error: Invalid CSS after "..."

Fix: SASS is stricter than browsers. Check for:

  • Missing semicolons
  • Unclosed brackets
  • Invalid property values

Styles Not Showing Up

Possible causes:

  1. Forgot to add import in _main.scss
  2. Old CSS file still being loaded (check for <link> tags)
  3. Browser cache - try hard refresh (Cmd+Shift+R)

Full Example: Complete Conversion

Let’s see a complete before/after conversion:

Original CSS File

assets/css/leaderboard.css

.leaderboard-widget {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 20px;
    right: 20px;
    width: 400px;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
    border-radius: 16px;
    box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

.leaderboard-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: 16px 20px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
}

.leaderboard-header h3 {
    margin: 0;
    color: white;
    font-size: 20px;
}

.leaderboard-content {
    padding: 16px;
}

.leaderboard-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 12px;
    border-radius: 8px;
}

.leaderboard-item:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
}

Converted SASS File

_sass/open-coding/leaderboard.scss

// ============================================
// LEADERBOARD WIDGET STYLES
// Converted from assets/css/leaderboard.css
// ============================================

@import "materials/main.scss";

// Local variables
$leaderboard-width: 400px;
$leaderboard-radius: 16px;
$leaderboard-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
$item-radius: 8px;
$base-padding: 16px;

.leaderboard-widget {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 20px;
    right: 20px;
    width: $leaderboard-width;
    background: $leaderboard-gradient;
    border-radius: $leaderboard-radius;
    box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

.leaderboard-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: $base-padding 20px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    
    h3 {
        margin: 0;
        color: $text;
        font-size: 20px;
    }
}

.leaderboard-content {
    padding: $base-padding;
}

.leaderboard-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 12px;
    border-radius: $item-radius;
    
    &:hover {
        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    }
}

Don’t Forget to Register It!

_sass/open-coding/_main.scss

// ... existing imports ...
@import "leaderboard";  // Add this line!

Summary

Converting CSS to SASS is a 7-step process:

  1. Find your CSS file
  2. Create new .scss file in _sass/open-coding/
  3. Add the import for variables at the top
  4. Copy your CSS (it works as-is!)
  5. Register in _main.scss
  6. Delete old CSS file and references
  7. Build and test

Then optionally improve with:

  • Variable substitution
  • Nesting
  • Local variables
  • SASS math